A study of α- and β-phase poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) by electroabsorption spectroscopy

The excited-state structure of β-phase poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (F8) is investigated by means of optical absorption and electroabsorption spectroscopies in order to reveal the effect of β-phase formation on the excited-state structure in F8. The excited-state structure of β-phase F8 consists of six essential states, where two new B_u states are formed on the four essential states of α-phase F8. The two additional B_u states result from the energy splitting of the B_u states of α-phase F8, caused by intermolecular interaction in β-phase F8.     

Copper cleaning in supercritical CO2 for the microprocessor interconnects

In this study we report the efficiency of cleaning process in supercritical CO₂ for the removal of the post-etch residues and oxidized copper formed in the via after SiOC-based porous materials etching and photoresist plasma ashing processes. The cleaning solutions contain a sulfonic acid and chelating agents with different chemical configurations. X-ray reflectometry and scanning electron microscopy are used to estimate the oxidized copper dissolution and copper surface aspect (pitting corrosion and residues). The results show that the sulfonic acid dissolves cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) and copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)₂) and consequently allows to remove the residues located at the oxidized copper surface whereas the symmetric β-diketones remove only the copper hydroxide. The mixture of sulfonic acid and β-diketone does not lead to pits at the copper surface. This phenomenon could be due to a complex formation between copper and β-diketones facilitating the oxidized copper dissolution by the acid or could be due to copper surface protection by the adsorbed β-diketones.     

The preparation and stability of the inclusion complex of astaxanthin with β-cyclodextrin

Inclusion complex of astaxanthin with β-cyclodextrin was prepared. The water solubility of the inclusion complex was <0.5 mg/ml, which is better than that of astaxanthin. Large aggregates were observed in the aqueous solution of the inclusion complex. Furthermore, the stability of the inclusion complex against temperature and light was greatly enhanced compared to that of astaxanthin.     

Physicochemical, microbial, and sensory properties of yogurt supplemented with nanopowdered chitosan during storage

This study was carried out to determine the possibility of adding nanopowdered chitosan (NPC) into cholesterol-reduced yogurt to improve the functionality of yogurt and the effects of adding NPC on the physicochemical, microbial, and sensory properties of the products during storage. The pH values and mean lactic acid bacteria counts of NPC-added (0.3 to ∼0.7%, wt/vol) and cholesterol-reduced yogurt ranged from 4.19 to 4.41 and from 4.75 × 10⁸ to 9.70 × 10⁸ cfu/mL, respectively, when stored at 4°C for 20 d, thereby indicating a possibility of prolonging the shelf life of yogurt. In color, the a* and b* values for cholesterol-reduced yogurt were not significantly influenced by the addition of NPC (0.1 to ∼0.7%, wt/vol); however, the L* values significantly decreased with the addition of the greatest concentration (0.7%, wt/vol) of NPC at 0-d storage. The sensory test revealed that the astringency scores significantly increased at 0-d storage when the greatest concentration (0.7%, wt/vol) of NPC was added into cholesterol-reduced yogurt. Based on the data obtained from the current study, it is concluded that concentrations (0.3 to ∼0.5%, vol/vol) of NPC could be used to produce an NPC-added and cholesterol-reduced yogurt without significantly adverse effects on the physicochemical, microbial, and sensory properties.     

Formation of apocarotenals and epoxycarotenoids from β-carotene by chemical reactions and by autoxidation in model systems and processed foods

It is generally accepted that oxidation of carotenoids begins with epoxidation and cleavage to apocarotenals. However, systematic studies to demonstrate occurrence of these reactions are lacking. In this study, the products formed by epoxidation with m-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA), oxidative cleavage with KMnO₄ and autoxidation in model systems, in the presence and absence of light, at ambient condition were identified. The presence of oxidation products was also verified in processed products. β-carotene-5,6-epoxide, β-carotene-5,8-epoxide, β-carotene-5,6,5′,6′-diepoxide, β-carotene-5,6,5′,8′-diepoxide and β-carotene 5,8,5′,8′-diepoxide were formed by the reaction of β-carotene with MCPBA. The oxidation products with KMnO₄ were identified as β-apo-8′-carotenal, β-apo-10′-carotenal, β-apo-12′-carotenal, β-apo-14′-carotenal and β-apo-15-carotenal, along with semi-β-carotenone and monohydroxy-β-carotene-5,8-epoxide. Except for β-carotene 5,6,5′,6′-diepoxide, these products were detected in the model systems. Some of these products were also found in mango juice, acerola juice and dried apricot. Increased Z-isomerization was also observed and Z-isomers of the oxidation products were detected.     

特殊反应体系中交联β-葡萄糖苷酶聚集体催化合成红景天苷

采用具有较高操作稳定性的交联b-葡萄糖苷酶聚集体,在离子液体-混合有机溶剂-缓冲溶液的非常规反应体系中酶催化直接糖基化合成红景天苷,筛选反应体系的组成和各成分的比例. 结果表明,反应体系的组成为(%, j)：1,4-二氧六环42.5, 离子液体C4MIm×PF6 8.5, 乙酸乙酯34, pH 6.0柠檬酸-磷酸氢二钠缓冲溶液15.0. 该体系在水含量高达15%(j)的条件下水活度为0.66,适合直接糖基化反应. 底物b-D-葡萄糖100 g/L、对羟基苯乙醇200 g/L时,在50℃及250 r/min下反应120 h达到平衡,红景天苷最大浓度可达25.32 g/L.     

超声协同交联β -环糊精处理苯酚废水

环糊精因其特殊的结构特点,尤其是经过交联剂改性的交联β-环糊精（MDI-β-CD）,可以处理与其空腔尺寸匹配的苯酚污染物,具有更好的处理苯酚废水的能力。为进一步提高MDI-β-CD处理苯酚废水的效果,研究其在超声协同条件下的废水处理能力和适合工况。通过对MDI-β-CD用量、废水pH值、废水浓度、超声声强和频率的研究,找到处理苯酚废水的适合工艺条件：超声频率20 kHz,超声声强0.2 W/cm2,苯酚初始浓度100 mg/L,pH值6.0,溶液体积100 mL,反应温度40 ℃,吸附时间120 min,MDI-β-CD用量40 g/L;在此条件下,MDI-β-CD与超声协同处理苯酚废水吸附效率可以达到94.1%。     

阳江核电厂外围环境气溶胶总α、总β放射性水平

核电厂周围环境气溶胶的总放射性水平是一项重点关注项目。为掌握阳江核电周围环境气溶胶中总α、总β放射性水平及变化趋势,自2014年1月,对阳江核电厂5 km范围内大澳和允泊的气溶胶总α、总β进行为期三年的采样监测,获得该核电厂5 km范围内气溶胶总α、总β活度浓度范围分别为0.01-0.35 m Bq·m~(-3)、0.05-2.46 m Bq·m~(-3),年均值分别为0.07 m Bq·m~(-3)、0.65 m Bq·m~(-3)。受降雨影响,总α、总β放射性变化有明显的季节特征,总体呈现冬春季高、夏秋季低的特点。监测结果与对照点和本底调查进行比较,总α、总β活度浓度没有明显变化,初步判断阳江核电厂运行安全。     

Genetic variation in serum protein pattern and blood β-hydroxybutyrate and their relationships with udder health traits,protein profile,and cheese-making properties in Holstein cows

The aim of this study was to investigate in Holstein cows the genetic basis of blood serum metabolites [i.e., total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin ratio (A:G), and blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)], a set of milk phenotypes related to udder health, milk quality technological characteristics, and genetic relationships among them. Samples of milk were collected from 498 Holstein cows belonging to 28 herds. All animal welfare and milk phenotypes were assessed using standard analytical methodology. A set of Bayesian univariate and bivariate animal models was implemented via Gibbs sampling, and statistical inference was based on the marginal posterior distributions of parameters of concern. We observed a small additive genetic influence for serum albumin concentrations, moderate heritability (≥0.20) for total proteins, globulins, and A:G, and high heritability (0.37) for blood BHB. Udder health traits (somatic cell score, milk lactose, and milk pH) showed low or moderate heritabilities (0.15–0.20), whereas variations in milk protein fraction concentrations were confirmed as mostly under genetic control (heritability: 0.21–0.71). The moderate and high heritabilities observed for milk coagulation properties and curd firming modeling parameters provided confirmation that genetic background exerts a strong influence on the cheese-making ability of milk, largely due to genetic polymorphisms in the major milk protein genes. Blood BHB showed strong negative genetic correlations with globulins (?0.619) but positive correlations with serum albumin (0.629) and A:G (0.717), which suggests that alterations in the serum protein pattern and BHB blood levels are likely to be genetically related. Strong relationships were found between albumin and fat percentages (?0.894), between globulin and α_S2-CN (?0.610), and, to a lesser extent, between serum protein pattern and milk technological characteristics. Genetic relationships between blood BHB and traits related to udder health and milk quality and technological characteristics were mostly weak. This study provides evidence that there is exploitable additive genetic variation for traits related to animal health and welfare and throws light on the shared genetic basis of these traits and the phenotypes related to the quality and cheese-making ability of milk.     

β2肾上腺素受体基因的改造及在无细胞合成体系中的表达

依据大肠杆菌密码子偏好性,设计合成β2肾上腺素受体（β2 adrenergic receptor,β2AR）基因序列,应用大肠杆菌无细胞系统对其进行高效表达,经负载镍离子的顺磁颗粒MagneHis? Ni-Particles纯化后,对受体蛋白进行十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）和活性鉴定。结果表明：改造后的β2AR基因密码子适应指数（codon adaptation index,CAI）为0.96,GC含量从58%降低到46.17%,更有利于该基因在大肠杆菌系统中的表达。表达体系中优化后的Mg2＋浓度为22?mmol/L,此时表达量为1 250 μg/mL。SDS-PAGE分析显示,纯化蛋白在47?kDa左右出现清晰的特异性条带,与预期结果一致,纯度大于90%。直接酶受体分析检测结果显示,当纯化受体蛋白1∶500稀释包被时,该重组受体与盐酸克伦特罗、沙丁胺醇及莱克多巴胺的酶标记物结合的OD值分别为0.976、0.836和0.728,亲和活性依次降低。β2AR蛋白在无细胞体系中的成功表达,为研发基于受体的β激动剂多残留快速检测技术提供了理论支持。